Charles Koch 3. In other words, the scientists listed here are influential because of the groundbreaking scientific work they have done and its impact on the world. In 2012, he was awarded the Fundamental Physics Prize. In 2006, they successfully transferred a qubit from light to a matter wave and back into light, using Bose-Einstein condensates. In 2000, Hood participated in founding the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), a nonprofit, biomedical research organization based in Seattle, Washington. Fire is a scientist and professor of pathology and genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine. He and Hölldobler subsequently published several popular books on ants. To find the countries that produce the most engineers in the world, we consulted Forbes, and found out which countries had the most engineering graduates in 2015. Fauci has an extensive research portfolio that includes applied research to prevent, diagnose, and treat infectious and immune-mediated illnesses (including HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases), illnesses from potential agents of bioterrorism, tuberculosis, malaria, autoimmune disorders, asthma, and allergies. He is a Precambrian paleontologist and biogeochemist. Kary B. Mullis is a biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993, along with Michael Smith, for automation of a chemical process known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). He is Senior Investigator with the Gladstone Institutes, which are associated with the University of California-San Francisco. Montagnier has also conducted research, along with colleagues, that has indicated that electromagnetic signals emitted by medicines can remain in water and have dramatic biological effects. He also received the Alexander von Humboldt Award and the SURA Distinguished Scientist Award in 2012, among numerous other awards. They are responsible not only for the great practical advances in medicine and technology, but they also give us a deep understanding of what the world is and how it works. And in 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. Read more about Craig Ventor in our article The 50 Greatest Living Geniuses. Berners-Lee graduated from Queens College, Oxford. He was awarded the prestigious Turing Award in 1987 for developing his sequence of innovative … Montagnier is the author or co-author of 350 scientific publications and of more than 750 patents. Prior to this position. Donald Knuth is a mathematician and computer scientist. Beginning in 1965, he also began to conduct the pioneering work with the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, which ultimately led to his Nobel Prize. He is also a member of the French Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Technologies. Kumar Bhattacharyya: He is currently editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. She has studied the social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees for over 40 years, and is thus considered the foremost expert on chimpanzees. Shinya Yamanaka is a physician and researcher who studies adult stem cells. He then joined the staff at the Carnegie Institution in Baltimore, where he and Craig C. Mello (#29 on our list) conducted their 2006 Nobel Prize winning research, which resulted in the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information. Venter was awarded the Dickson Prize in 2011, the National Medal of Science in 2008, and the Kistler Prize in 2008, among other honors and awards. Simon Conway Morris is Chair of Evolutionary Palaeobiology in the Earth Sciences Department at Cambridge University. Südhof won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Randy Schekman and James Rothman. Telecoms, utilities and electronics engineers – £44,504 The average salary in the sector is £44,504, … She is also investigating the implications of the discovery of hypervelocity stars, as well as heading up a project called "HectoMAP," which uses large databases of information to map clusters of galaxies, and which in turn aids us in understanding how these systems develop over the history of the universe. Martin Karplus, a theoretical chemist, Emeritus Professor and the Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University. In addition to his work at the Salk Institute, Evans is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Enjoy! Knuth is known as the “father of the analysis of algorithms.” He created the WEB and CWEB computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate literate programming. Credentials: Google engineer and author of C# in Depth. Mello is involved in several RNAi-based biotechnological companies. Web resource: Simon Conway Morris's Home Page. The 20+ Greatest Engineers of All Time 1. As of 2013, the first three volumes and part one of volume four of this magnum opus had been published. He has also published over 600 papers and chapters, while editing the series Electroanalytical Chemistry (21 volumes) and the Encyclopedia of the Electrochemistry of the Elements (16 volumes). His recent research focuses on the molecular understanding of the RNAi machinery and its roles in the cell, as well as on the identification of other triggers and mechanisms used in the recognition of, and response to, chemical information coming from outside the cell. Penrose has stated his belief that there are some facets of human thinking that can never be emulated by a machine. Pierre Chambon is professor at the University of Strasbourg's Institute for Advanced Study, honorary professor at the Collège de France, and emeritus professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Strasbourg. Web resource: Harold E. Varmus's Home Page. John Tyler Bonner is one of the world's leading biologists, primarily known for his work in the use of cellular slime molds to understand evolution. Harold E. Varmus is a biologist and the current Director of the National Cancer Institute. Web resource: David Baltimore's Home Page. Additionally, he is Director of the Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Co-director of the Mind-Brain-Behavior Initiative, and Senior Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He has won numerous awards including the Wiley Prize in 2003, the National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology in 2003, and the Meyenburg Prize in 2002 from the German Cancer Research Center. Using supercomputers and simulations rather than actual chemical substances, his lab uncovers chemical structures by crunching numbers. Electrical engineering became a subject of academic interest to the scientific community, during the 17th century and one of the first electrical engineers known to the world was, William Gilbert. She made pioneering maps of the large-scale structures of the universe, which led to the discovery of the filamentous galactic superstructure popularly known as the "Great Wall"---the largest known superstructure in the universe. Web resource: Kary B. Mullis's Home Page. Weinberg earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University, and then conducted his postdoctoral work at Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley, where he was later promoted to the faculty. Some of his awards include the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 2010 (for the elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of transcription in animal cells and the discovery of the nuclear receptor superfamily), the Lasker Basic Medical Research Award in 2004, and the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology in 2003. Kandel has authored many books, including Principles of Neural Science, which is often used as a textbook and reference text in medical schools. Yamanaka's scientific discoveries were deemed so significant that he was recognized as a "Person Who Mattered" in the 2007 Person of the Year edition of Time magazine. He is renowned for his work on the Burgess Shale fossils. The field of electrical engineering is one of the most challenging, rapidly growing and exciting fields to work in or study, as it has proven to make a significant impact in the modern society. Fire (#14 on our list), for the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi). map the distribution of the mysterious, ubiquitous dark matter in the universe. Web resource: Eric R. Kandel's Home Page. He is best known for his work in the area of synaptic transmission, which is the process by which signaling chemicals known as neurotransmitters are released by one neuron and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron. Upon his retirement in 1996, he assumed the titles of Professor Emeritus and Honorary Curator in Entomology. During his postdoctoral training, he worked on describing the role of the LDL receptor in cholesterol metabolism, for which Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985. One of her well-known achievements is using a superfluid to slow a beam of light to a standstill. investigating the implications of the discovery of hypervelocity stars, as well as heading up, a project called "HectoMAP," which uses large databases of information to. Prusiner conducted his medical school training at the University of Pennsylvania and his postgraduate clinical training at the University of California, San Francisco. Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, commented on the scope and implications of Fire's research by stating: "It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionize the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology.”. Web resource: Robert J. Evans received his Ph.D. from UCLA and conducted his postdoctoral training at Rockefeller University. Kandel also founded the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at Columbia. Along with the Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics, Penrose has received numerous other awards, including the De Morgan Medal (for his wide and original contributions to mathematical physics) in 2004, the Naylor Prize of the London Mathematical Society in 1991, and the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1975. He is the Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at Cambridge and former Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. initiatives in the areas of fundamental science, medicine, and the environment. Some of his best-known experiments confirmed that “quantum entanglement” for twinned photon pairs is irreconcilable with Einstein's worldview. Wilson, who was raised in Alabama as a Southern Baptist, adheres to the philosophy of scientific humanism, which he sees as "the only worldview compatible with science's growing knowledge of the real world and the laws of nature." In 2004, he shared the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award with Pierre Chambon (#8 on our list) and Elwood Jensen for the discovery of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, and for the elucidation of the unifying mechanism that regulates embryonic development and diverse metabolic pathways. The technique does this indirectly by measuring increases in the presence of oxygen, as a proxy for increased blood flow, in the affected brain regions. Scientists are perhaps the most influential people in the world today. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics in 2008 and the Lasker Award in 2006. map clusters of galaxies, and which in turn aids us in understanding how these systems develop over the history of the universe. Schaefer is also featured in our article "50 People Who Deserve a Nobel Prize.". He also discovered that Chern-Simons theory could provide a framework for understanding the mathematical theory of knots and 3-manifolds. Venter founded Celera Genomics, a private research group, to carry out his sequencing of the human genome, in direct competition with the government effort at the NIH to accomplish that result. He was among the first to apply principles of taphonomy and paleoecology to the interpretation of microfossils. He has over 300 peer-reviewed journal publications. A pioneer in the software engineering field, Wirth has designed several other programming languages, including Algol W, Euler, Modula, Oberon, Oberon-2, and Oberon-7. His current research interests are concerned with the physical properties of molecules of biological interest. In 2014, Schaefer will receive the American Chemical Society Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry. Bonner's present research interests include experiments designed to understand how this reversal is achieved in a number of species that vary morphologically. Gordon Moore is the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation and the author of Moore's Law, which is the observation that over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. Web resource: George M. Whitesides's Home Page. Later, a 40-minute film was produced that contains prize-winning graphics, which are on display at the National Air and Space Museum. He soon joined the faculty of Princeton University. He is active in the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion and has lectured there on "Evolution and Fine-Tuning in Biology." He then joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong, where he founded the Department of Electronics. The most outstanding engineer of all times is perhaps Newton, who gave us laws of motions and universal gravitation, law of cooling, law of friction, calculus, theory of light, etc.. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1958. He later became the Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard University. This patent has led to the formation of his latest commercial venture, Altermune Technologies, LLC. Wilson first tried to enlist in the United States Army, but he failed his Army medical examination due to his impaired eyesight. The thesis made a seminal contribution to Big Bang cosmology. . Join us this summer as two world-renowned thinkers, Rupert Sheldrake and Michael Shermer, discuss and debate the nature of science! He then completed his postdoctoral research at the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. He was a professor at Princeton University and Harvard University before coming to Columbia University. The United States and Iran those are producing a quarter of million engineering graduates for ea… Roger Penrose is a mathematician and mathematical physicist. The Academy is a non-profit, bilingual, private independent school for grades one through 12, and is an inquiry-based learning environment. Web resource: Andrew H. Knoll's Home Page. Ultra-slow light creates a unique new tool for probing the fundamental properties of Bose-Einstein condensates. He is also credited with co-founding America's major telephone company AT&T, which has been going strong since 1885. Henry Larcom Abbot- A military engineer, he served in the U.S. Army Engineers. Montagnier, a native of France, has been honored worldwide with many awards, including the Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in 2009, the induction to the National Inventor Hall of Fame in 2004, and the Lasker Prize in Medicine in 1986, among numerous other awards. Important tracer of the American Chemical Society peter Debye Award in physical chemistry for engineer jobs the areas fundamental... 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