And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt. God honored Joseph’s faithfulness and placed him in an important leadership role in Egypt—second in command only to Pharaoh. But it in fact exhibits every feature indicative of being a center of great activity, a feature which again fits with the story of Joseph. But even more importantly, this mastaba is oriented to the north instead of the east, as the other pyramids and mastabas are. Joseph was seventeen years old when his brothers sold him into slavery (Genesis 37:2).  He then lived in Egypt for thirteen years, between his time serving Potiphar and his time in prison, and, at the age of thirty was released from prison and set over the land of Egypt (Genesis 41:46).  What is not clear is how much time, if any, passed between Joseph’s promotion and the beginning of the seven years of plenty. For purpose of this timeline I have assumed that at least a partial year elapsed between Joseph’s promotion and the spring of the first year of plenty.  The last piece of the puzzle is where to date Jacob’s arrival relative to Joseph’s age.  When Joseph is speaking to his brothers and extending the invitation for them to join him in Egypt he states that two years of famine have passed and five remain (Genesis 45:6).  Thus, Jacob’s arrival is (7 years of plenty +2 years of famine = 9 years), and perhaps a bit longer, after Joseph’s promotion.  This would make Joseph approximately forty years old at Jacob’s arrival. Joseph ultimately lived to the age of one hundred and ten (Genesis 50:26), or an additional seventy years after Jacob’s arrival in Egypt.  We can also deduce that Jacob was eighty years old when Joseph was born, which supports the statement that he was the child of Jacob’s old age (Genesis 37:3), and that Joseph’s promotion coincides with the year of Isaac’s death (Joseph’s story begins at Genesis 37:2 and this is thirteen years before Isaac’s death in Genesis 35:29). It would be about 200 years later when Joseph would be elevated to his high position in Egypt, second only to the pharaoh. According to some opinions,1 this was the same pharaoh who appointed Joseph as viceroy. Also, in all the other ancient cities, whenever large bins such as these were uncovered, they were recognized as “storage bins”, but in Egypt, the scholars tend to term everything they find a “tomb”. dangerous underground excavations explore radar anomalies, Underground chamber reveals Temple treasures, Ron Wyatt – Chromosome count in ‘blood’ sample. There are records of many, many viziers throughout Egyptian history- but the first evidence which connects Imhotep with Joseph is an amazing inscription found carved on a large rock on the island of Sihiel just below the First Cataract of the Nile. Wood[9]suggests that this new king is an unidentified figure somewhere prior to Amenhotep I, perhaps one of the Hyksos kings. The Hyksos dynasty was preceded by one where the kings have Canaanite or Western Semitic names, raising the possibility that some of these may have even been Hebrews. Required fields are marked *. The Egyptians abhor facial hair and are a … A great deal has been written about this complex, and most mention the uniqueness of it- something they cannot explain. If we look at ancient Egyptian history, we can see evidence which shows that it was during the time of Djoser that Egypt became a truly great nation- after all, it had gathered the wealth of all the surrounding nations by selling them grain during the famine. Some of these great evidences relate to the story of Joseph in ancient Egypt. The king gave Joseph a new name “Zaphnath-paaneah (Genesis 41:45). There are examples of proverbs in many ancient civilizations, but the only ones which Solomon recorded by inspiration and today appear in the Bible are very similar to the ancient Egyptian “wisdom literature” which can be traced back to Imhotep. We also know that when the famine began and the Egyptians began to cry for food, they were told to go to Joseph and do whatever he said, which indicates that he gave the orders for the distribution of the grain: GEN 41:55 And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said unto all the Egyptians, Go unto Joseph; what he saith to you, do. It was he who, by God’s hand, made Pharaoh the ultimate Egyptian power that he became. A Semitic settlement dating from the late twelfth dynasty has been found at Avaris, in the land of Goshen.  Avaris was later renamed Rameses. Egyptian slaves were often given Egyptian names and we have texts where they are referred to as [Semitic name] , he who is called,[Egyptian name].  Egyptian for, “he who is called”, is, spelled phonetically, “Zatenaf”.  Kenneth Kitchen and David Rohl have(separately) identified “Zaphnath” as being a corruption of zatenaf. Of course, the Egyptologists think all these little cubicles were for statues, however, no pedestals were found in the remains, which is a very important point, because these statues were always erected on pedestals. This theory, coupled with the orthodox chronology, has been attractive to the secular world because it is presumed that an Asiatic king would be much more likely than an Egyptian one to advance Joseph to such a high position. In addition, the mention of a chariot in Genesis 41:43 has, given that the Hyksos introduced war chariots to Egypt, been used to tie Joseph to the Hyksos period.  While chariots were not present in large numbers prior to the Hyksos, it is unlikely that they were completely unknown in the Middle Kingdom, and it is natural to believe that Pharaoh would have one or two for his use.[10]. Does this fit the Biblical account? This prompted feelings of jealousy within his brothers, especially the sons of Jacob’s other w… We believe the time of Abraham’s visit to Egypt was early in the 1st Dynasty. As a result, the land was filled with them. (Originally published in Newsletter No. There is no treatment for it. (Exodus 12:40, Septuagint – NETS). His fame as a sage spread throughout Egypt and became the standard of wisdom. He also remained faithful to God. 1664-1555 BC) this cannot be reconciled with the biblical information. Second, in order to conduct the necessary public works projects to prepare for the lean years, primarily the construction and maintenance of additional storage facilities given the amount of grain that would need to be stored.  A final consideration is the protection of that grain particularly during the lean years.  The story tells us that the famine impacted all of Egypt as well as Canaan and perhaps other countries as well.  Consider that if these events occurred during the Second Intermediate Period when upper and lower Egypt had separate governments, then only one part of the country (presumably Lower Egypt– the Nile delta region) would have been prepared.  A starving Upper Egypt would have then looked to capture the stored grain and war would have ensued.  Similarly, invasion from Canaan and elsewhere would have been likely in order to secure the available food.  Absent a strong central government, Egypt would not have been able to defend its grain stores.  Consequently, I believe that the context of the story makes a strong argument that the events described took place in a united Egypt and therefore during the Middle Kingdom period.  This in turn suggests a long sojourn. In several inscriptions from much later times, reference is made to the “words of Imhotep”. Receive updates on upcoming tours, events, and specials. This was a “business” and would have required a center of administration. Imhotep is the earliest physician whose historical records survive, and although Joseph isn’t mentioned as being a physician, the Bible gives one very important clue to this: GEN 50:2 And Joseph commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his father: and the physicians embalmed Israel. 2) “One plans the morrow but knows not what will be”. 4. Genesis 41:47 and 53 tell us that 7 years of plenty came in Egypt, followed by famine. Josephus relates that Abraham was responsible for bringing the knowledge of arithmetic and astronomy to the Egyptians, which may also be true. [1]The exodus took place at Passover which would be in the spring.  Based on this verse the entry into Egypt would have also been in the spring of the third lean year. 26 And they laded their asses with the corn, and departed thence. They multiplied in numbers and became very, very strong. 19th century source criticism divided the Joseph story between the Jahwist, Elohist and Priestly sources of the documentary hypothesis. 15Now as for you, you shall go to your fathers in peace; you shall be buried at a good old age.  16But in the fourth generation they shall return here, for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete. Is there a connection between Joseph and dreams? Here is absolute proof that this was the tomb of a very important person of Djoser’s reign. Imhotep was also the “priest of Heliopolis”, the Biblical “On”. There are many details in the Joseph story that are As these sayings were passed down through several generations, instead of being attributed to Imhotep, they were attributed to Ptahotep, “the voice of” the Egyptian creator, “Ptah”. Even though he’d been mistreated by his brothers and by others, Joseph acted with integrity, even in the foreign land of Egypt. And then there was the coat of many colors, a visible sign of Israel’s favor for Joseph. GEN 41:8 And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit was troubled; 2. Because the ancient Egyptians buried their dead with so much valuable material and provisions for their “afterlife”, plundering of tombs was always their biggest fear. At times, Imhotep has been termed the “Leonardo da Vinci” of ancient Egypt, but in fact he was more than that. In the Egyptian text, Imhotep is termed “the son of Ptah”, who was the Egyptian god known as the “creator” of everything else, including the other gods. 9) “The wise is known by his wisdom, the great by his good actions; his heart matches his tongue…”. And in the 3rd Dynasty, there appears on the scene a most incredible individual in the ancient records- a man called “Imhotep”. Implementation of Joseph’s plan would require a strong central government for several reasons. First, in order to be able to effectively tax the produce of the land in the years of plenty. Thousands of years later, several papyruses are found which purport to be copies of “The Instruction of Ptahotep”. These Bible activities highlight this important time in Joseph’s life. Keep in mind that the Originator of Joseph’s wisdom was also the Originator of Solomon’s wisdom, and the parallels between the 2 are undeniable. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_III. PSA 78:5 For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them known to their children: 6 That the generation to come might know them, even the children which should be born; who should arise and declare them to their children: 7) “Guard against the vice of greed: a grievous sickness without cure. Imhotep was also revered for his wisdom. And while in Egypt, surrounded by paganism, God would not leave His people nor the Egyptians without access to His Truth. Bryant G., PhD; “The Rise and Fall of the 13th Century Exodus-Conquest Theory”, ‘Entangled in the land’?…or… ‘a way in the deep’? Pharaoh made Joseph governor over Egypt and all Pharaoh’s house. Joseph brought up all the land for Pharaoh by selling the grain he stored during the seven years that preceded the famine [11] ; a feat that could only have been performed once, early in Egypt’s history, and explains how the Pharaohs became so powerful and able to built the pyramids. Let’s look at a few passages from this inscription and compare them with the Biblical account, keeping in mind that this was written a millenium after the events it claims to be describing: 1. These are extremely large in size- much larger than any burial chambers; they are all centrally accessible by a connecting tunnel, extend to well above ground level, and one has a staircase extending down to the bottom. Joseph and Pharaoh—History and Archaeology Give a Big Thumbs Up! Amenemhat III is credited with reducing the power of regional rulers. The time of the 300 Year Gap It was described by William Hayes as being a “veritable city in itself, planned and executed as a single unit and built of fine white limestone from the near-by Mukattam Hills.” (The Scepter of Egypt, Vol. Josephs story began in Genesis 30 when he was born to Jacob and Rachel. Egyptian history and the biblical record: a perfect match? Copyright © 2021 Wyatt Archaeological Research. Could “Im” have been “I AM”? These massive structures extend to well above ground level, which indicates that they were not hidden, as were tombs. Grain Storage Bins [10] Aling, Joseph comes to Egypt as a common man—actually a slave—and rises to become the right-hand man of the Pharaoh. Angry and jealous of Jacob’s gift to Joseph, a resplendent “coat of many colours,” the brothers seize him and sell him to a party of Ishmaelites, or Midianites, who carry him to Egypt. The inscription then goes on to record Djoser’s promise to the Nile god, Khnum, in which the people were to be taxed 1/10 of everything, except for the priests of the “house of the god”, who would be exempted. would take to implement this plan. At the main entrance on the east wall at the southern end, one enters a long hall of 40 columns- 20 on each side. Egypt at this time was already a rich nation, for it was at this time that Abraham became rich in cattle, gold and silver, given to him as payment for Sarah. Joseph is heralded for his wisdom and success above and beyond what would have been expected of anyone lacking royal blood in that era. If there is no God, where did this idea of “religion and gods” come from? It is also reasonable to expect to find the storage pits within an enclosure such as this complex, with an area for the payment of the grain. Now in the story of Joseph, we learn that his father-in-law was the “priest of On” at the time of Joseph’s marriage: GEN 41:45 And Pharaoh called Joseph’s name Zaphnathpaaneah; and he gave him to wife Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On. And the storage of such a massive amount of grain would have required a large storage area, such as the extremely large pits found in this complex. Is Imhotep Joseph? He gave Joseph his ring and dressed him in robes of linen with a gold chain around his neck. When Joseph reported having dreams of his brothers, and even the stars and moon, bowing before him, their jealousy of Joseph grew into action. Surrounding the Step Pyramid, the first ever built, and its complex is a very beautiful and elaborate wall. The palace grounds contain twelve tombs, all identified as Semitic burials.  One of these tombs was originally covered by a pyramid.  A very high honor reserved almost exclusively for royalty and unique in this period. Unlike the other tombs, this one is completely empty – no bones, no grave goods, nothing.  Indications are that everything was removed in antiquity. Finally, this tomb contains the remains of a statue of its owner.  The statue is of an Asiatic (Semite) with red hair and wearing a multicolored coat. Jesus Christ is called “the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world” (John 1:9). (Light from the Ancient Past, by Jack Finegan.). We are told in the Bible that Solomon knew many, many proverbs: 1KI 4:30 And Solomon’s wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the children of the east country, and all the wisdom of Egypt. Is the ancient Egyptian named Imhotep the same person as the biblical Joseph? Joseph’s main position was that of a prime minister and Imhotep appears to be the first who could boast of such a broad range of authority in ancient Egypt. Joseph’s brothers came directly to Joseph in person. portion of the produce from the years of plenty in preparation for the lean This follows the Masoretic text, which is the version of the ancient Hebrew used as the basis for most Christian bibles.  However, the Septuagint, a translation from Hebrew to Greek from the third century BC states: Now the residence of the sons of Israel during which they dwelt in the land, Egypt, and in the land of Chanaan, was four hundred and thirty years. We know from the Bible that Joseph died in Egypt and was embalmed and placed in a coffin. Joseph was first brought before the Pharaoh, he was shaved (Genesis 41:14) which was an Egyptian custom; the Hyksos were Syro-Palestinian. Here, the physicians are specificly stated to be under Joseph. If Joseph became the “Priest of On”, was he being unfaithful to the true God? But by this time the old ruler was senile, and his son Merneptah was serving as regent. Inscription of the 7 Year Famine 7, April 1994). (The generic name “Pharaoh” was given to Egyptian rulers for more than 3,000 years. At the end of these manuscripts, the writer states that he is near death, having lived 110 years and that he received honors from the king exceeding those of the ancestors,- in other words, he received the most honors ever given a man by a pharaoh. With respect to Joseph, the convincing archaeological evidence which places Joseph as vizier to Amenhemat III creates an interesting dilemma for biblical scholars with respect to the length of the sojourn.  For those that hold to the orthodox chronology, it is then required to accept a long sojourn of four hundred and thirty years and reject the shorter sojourn. On the contrary, those that accept the new chronology must then accept the short sojourn of two hundred and fifteen years as correct.  Regardless of which chronology and sojourn length is chosen however, we now have a solid anchor point (in the form of the synchronism between Joseph and Amenhemat III) from which to measure earlier events such as Abraham’s brief sojourn in Egypt – though there will still be disagreement on the BC dating of these events. This vizier was initially Overseer of the Fields and was responsible for the construction of numerous granaries. The sojourn in Egypt was in fulfillment of the prophecy given to Abraham when God made His covenant with him: 13Then He said to Abram:“Know certainly that your descendants will be strangers in a land that is not theirs, and will serve them, and they will afflict them four hundred years. The final verse, from Galatians, the Septuagint, and Josephus have been used to date the beginning of the four hundred or four hundred and thirty years from the date of Abram’s arrival in Canaan at the age of seventy-five, from Abraham’s brief sojourn in Egypt, from the renewal of the covenant when Abraham was 99 years old, or from the birth of Isaac a year later.  This is known as the short sojourn: the time that the children of Israel were actually in Egypt is reduced by the time from the covenant or the birth of Isaac until the family of Jacob physically arrived in Egypt.  The long sojourn theory takes the literal interpretation of Exodus 12:40-41 and starts counting from Jacob’s arrival.  Thus, in order to understand the two main theories on where to date Joseph, we have to go back a little further, to Abraham and Isaac, and see what this means in terms of our timeline. Here is a compilation of BC items bearing on this question, in order of publication date.. PRO 25:9 Debate thy cause with thy neighbor himself; and discover not a secret to another”. Inscriptions and coins found here show that people came here to be healed! Then, the pharaoh dreams a dream which foretells the event. 5) “Teach the great what is useful to him.”. Who is the god there? Genesis 41:14 states that before Joseph meets with Pharaoh, he puts on clean clothes and shaves. In the inscription, the pharaoh is troubled about a famine and asks Imhotep who the god of the Nile is, so he can approach him about the drought: “… I asked him who was the Chamberlain,…Imhotep, the son of Ptah… `What is the birthplace of the Nile? In fact, the Bible says that he did: PSA 105:17 He sent a man before them, even Joseph, who was sold for a servant:…20 The king sent and loosed him; even the ruler of the people, and let him go free. Since Asenath was old enough to marry Joseph at this time, it follows that her father was probably at least in his forties. ECC 6:2 A man to whom God hath given riches, wealth, and honour, so that he wanteth nothing for his soul of all that he desireth, yet God giveth him not power to eat thereof, but a stranger eateth it: this is vanity, and it is an evil disease. 9And he said to his people, “Look, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we; 10come, let us deal shrewdly with them, lest they multiply, and it happen, in the event of war, that they also join our enemies and fight against us, and so go up out of the land.” (Exodus 1:8-10). Last of all, grain was found in the floor of these pits, which has been explained by Egyptologists as having been from foods buried with deceased who were buried there- however, no evidence of burials was ever found in these pits. The Bible records the fact that Joseph even taught the pharaoh’s “senators”. (Gen. 12:12-15). Pharaoh also gave Joseph an Egyptian wife and an Egyptian name, the first element of which is “sef.” Manetho, an Egyptian historian who wrote the history of his country to Ptolemy I during the third century BC, mentions that Amenhotep III had a minister called Sef. After discovering Sarah's true relationship to Abraham, the pharaoh chooses not to take her as his own wife. And, we know that Joseph died at the age of 110 years. Evidence seems to indicate that after Imhotep, the trend among viziers became patterned after him, with these later viziers taking credit for Imhotep’s actual deeds and his writings- a practice which the Egyptians, among others, were notorious for. We know that this position held great power, second only to Pharaoh in authority and degree, so it is of little surprise that the sons of Pharaohs … Some ancient historians have written of the fact that the pyramids were once believed to be “Joseph’s storage bins” for the grain, and perhaps this story has its roots in the fact Joseph designed the first pyramid in the same complex in which the grain was stored. The Bible Story of Joseph from the Book of Genesis. There are several other items concerning Imhotep which continue to fit the Biblical account. The pharaoh, because of her beauty, took her to his palace. After Joseph’s death, others copied his wise sayings and took credit for them, perhaps adding a bit of their own and changing things to suit them. The fact is that these myths are satanic corruptions of the truth- designed by Satan to convince man that, in his own cleverness, he is smarter than God. PRO 25:13 As the cold of snow in the time of harvest, so is a faithful messenger to them that send him: for he refresheth the soul of his masters. Your email address will not be published. Because of her, Abraham rises in the Pharaoh's favor and acquires livestock and servants. (Gen. 13:1,2). Many slaves are owned by private individuals, such as Potifar. Let’s look at a few passages from this inscription and compare them with the Biblical account, keeping in mind that this was written a millenium after the events it claims to be describing: 1. There was only one entrance into this center and there was an outside entrance into the system of storage bins. They begin as Solomon’s Proverbs begin, as instructions to his son, with the admonition they are “profitable to him who will hear” but “woe to him who would neglect them”. In the early 20th century Hermann Gunkel suggested that, unlike the Abraham-Isaac-Jacob stories, the Joseph story formed a single unitary story with literary rather than oral origins. But God spoke in this way: that his[Abraham’s] descendants would dwell in a foreign land, and they would bring them into bondage and oppress them four hundred years. In our discussion of “Imhotep, the Physician”, we mentioned that ancient Greek texts speak of a place near Memphis where people came to worship “Imhotep” and be healed. And the facts are that the evidences found validate the Biblical account, not the myths and legends. We learn of the early life of Joseph, second to last of the twelve brothers, yet the one most loved by his father Jacob (Israel) — certain to cause strong jealousy by the brothers. This Joseph became the most powerful man in the world. We also find parallels in other Books, such as Psalms and Ecclesiastes: 6) “If every word is carried on, they will not perish in the land.”. In the new chronology, the Middle Kingdom period is moved later by approximately two hundred years, with the exodus occurring at the end of the thirteenth dynasty under the Pharaoh Dudimose (Manetho’s Tutimaos).  With this adjustment, Rohl places the birth of Moses in the reign of Neferhotep I and his upbringing under Sebekhotep IV.  Consequently, the enslavement of the Hebrews by the, “Pharaoh who did not know Joseph”, would have taken place under Sobekhotep III or shortly before.  Of interest is the fact that Rohl identifies the vizier of Sobekhotep III as Iymeru II, or Ephraim, son of Ephraim, son of Joseph. For years, the popular media has mocked the biblical accounts of Joseph, Moses, the Passover, and the Exodus as being completely incompatible with standard Egyptian chronology. Each column is connected to the main wall by a perpendicular wall, forming small “rooms” between each column. Joseph and the Famine: The Story’s Origins in Egyptian History During the reign of Pharaoh Siptah, Egypt had a powerful vizier from the Levant named Baya, who dominated even the Pharaoh. for the royal granaries[2]. This passage reflects the fact of a dream by the pharaoh of 7 years of plenty and 7 years of famine, although reversed. David; Exodus: Myth or History; St. March 15, 2010, A historical timeline of the ancient world based on scripture and archaeology, The Rise and Fall of the 13th Century Exodus-Conquest Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_III, Joseph feels the need to shave when he is released from prison.  Asiatics (e.g. Based on what we find in Genesis, we can derive the relative dates shown in Figure 1.  Abraham arrived in Canaan at the age of seventy-five (Genesis 12:4). 31 For he was wiser… and his fame was in all nations round about. And they hated him yet the more for his dreams, and for his words. 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