Spodoptera litura is also known as the Oriental leafworm moth, Cluster caterpillar, Cotton leafworm, Tobacco cutworm, Tropical armyworm, Taro caterpillar, Tobacco budworm, Rice cutworm, and Cotton Cutworm. This lifespan decreases even further when mating with a heterospecific S. littoralis male. These include different species of parasites that specifically target either the egg, larval, or pupal stage. The pupa is typically 15–20 mm long, and its color is red-brown. [1], Male accessory glands (MAGs) are a reproductive evolutionary strategy adopted by males to gain higher fertilization. [5], Although the length of a life cycle varies slightly throughout the different regions, a typical S. litura will complete 12 generations every year. [5] The mean female longevity is 8.3 days while for males it is 10.4 days. Noctua litura Fabricius, 1775. 0. This fits in well with the migration patterns associated with mating. [2] When laid, the egg batches are covered with hair scales provided by the female, which gives off a golden brown color. This moth is found in Asia, with some specific problematic pest population reports occurring in Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, the Pacific islands, Guam, American Samoa, and Hawaii. Animalia > Arthropoda > Insecta > Lepidoptera > Noctuoidea > Noctuidae > Spodoptera > Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775. Spodoptera picta Acknowledgements :- Ms. Mira Farzana Binti Mohamad Mokhtar, Mrs. Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim & Ms. Nurfadzilah Bt Azmi Citation :- Spodoptera litura . Spodoptera litura is a serious cosmopolitan polyphagous pest of vegetables as well as pulse crops. File; File history; File usage on Commons; Metadata; Size of this preview: 441 × 600 pixels. Name. : 941218. Each individual egg is around 0.6 mm in diameter with an orange-brown or pink color. [4], S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis. Summary Nomenclature Taxon Concepts Subordinates Vernacular Applications Feedback. Discriminating between the two species can be difficult because the larvae and adult forms look identical. [6], Regulation of macro nutrient input differs between males and females. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. 2014. Experiments have shown that females exposed to MAGs do not engage in mating call behavior the night they are exposed to the secretion. In this study, both eggs and larvae were susceptible, and the mortality rate ranged from 50% to 100% depending on the stage of the larvae. These eggs are laid on the surface of leaves in big batches, with each cluster usually containing several hundred eggs. Our previous studies on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) showed that mating usually results in marked changes in female behaviour and determined that factors from male accessory gland (MAG) secretions play a key role in such switches in females after mating. Smith, 1797) [1], In sexually reproductive animals, recognition and attraction of potential mates can occur in the form of pheromones. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775)Taxonomic Serial No. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development's Agriculture and Food division is committed to growing and protecting WA's agriculture and food sector. [3] Another figure shows that S. litura can decrease tobacco yield by 23-50%. [5] A characteristic feature is the presence of two small spines at the tip of the abdomen that are about 0.5 mm long each. [11] The second night, however, accounts for about 70% of the matings. [5], Eggs are spherical and slightly flattened. The significant impact on agriculture S. litura can have as pests has earned the species a spot on the quarantine list for many countries including the United States of America. Asian Cotton Leaf Worm. However, adult moths can fly up to a distance of 1.5 km for a total duration of 4 hours. [5] Since both species are polyphagous, taking note of the host plant is not helpful in correct identification. [5] For example, in Karnataka, a granulosis virus was found in dead S. litura larvae. With calling suppressed, pheromone concentration builds up in the body of mated females. Its prey locating behavior is activated when exposed to two chemical compounds released by S. litura larvae. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. [2] The range of S. litura has also extended into non-indigenous regions through international trade. Males usually go out to find females during mating season, so the lipid deposits are thought to be energy reserves that will help the males in preparation for the migration. The most commonly reported viruses are nuclear polyhedrosis viruses and granulosis viruses. [8] The only way to properly differentiate between the two is by inspecting their genitalia. However, studies have shown that MAG secretions are necessary for the maximum stimulation of the eggs. One of these effects include suppressing female receptivity to future matings by reducing their sexual receptivity or sexual attractiveness. Spodoptera litura. [14] Accurate recognition of compatible mates is essential for reproductive success because failure to do so will come with steep costs: wasted time and energy, higher risk of predation, and reduction of viable offspring. current name. The reasons for this are still not fully known. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. [5], There are many ways the predators can locate its prey. Siianjiyan, Jingmei, Taipei City, Taiwan 斜紋夜蛾 Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Tribe Prodeniini Frobes, 1954 Subfamily Xyleninae Guenee, 1837 木夜蛾亞科 Famikly Noctuidae 夜蛾科 Antifeedant activity of leaf extracts against Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) highlighting the mechanism of action Subramanian Arivoli α & Samuel Tennyson σ _____ ABSTRACT. As a result of fluctuation, insect can shorten or elongate their life cycle. Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775. Younger larvae tend to be a lighter green while older ones develop to a dark green or brown color. Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. [1] Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. The larva is variable in color based on age. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775), a polyphagous defoliator with broad host spectrum, causes significant damage to agriculturally important crops. [5], S. litura is the most common in South Asia. In males, the juxta have characteristic shapes for each species. This pattern is thought to coincide with male flight patterns, which would maximize responsiveness to the pheromone signals being sent. The Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) is Permitted - s11 for the whole of state and is not assigned to any control category for a local government area at this time. This is because pheromones are released during female calling. [13], There is an inverse relationship between pheromone concentration within the bodies of females and the calling behavior of a female. Kingdom: Animalia. The forewings are patterned with dark gray, red, and brown colors. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. The identity of these predators vary depending on the region being studied. Male forewing length is 14–17 mm while female forewing length is slightly larger and measures 15–18 mm. About UKMoths. Several studies have pointed out that the female lifespan decreases after mating. ... moth caterpillar -- Spodoptera litura (3804075966).jpg 2,048 × 1,536; 1.44 MB Synonyms. [6], Adult moths are on average 15–20 mm long and have a total wingspan of 30–38 mm. [5] However, experiments have shown that high temperatures and low humidity are inversely related to fecundity. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. This can cause major economic strain since 36 million people are directly or indirectly involved in the production, sale, marketing, or transport of the tobacco crop. Each generation lasts about a month, but temperature causes slight variations: life cycles in the winter tend to be slightly more than one month, and life cycles in the summer tend to be less than a full month. Taxonomy. Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests. [9] However, its natural range extends from the Oriental and Australasian areas to parts of the Palearctic region as well. [11] Eggs during mating are laid in a cluster covered with hair from the female's abdomen. [5], S. litura is a general herbivore and takes residence on various plants. (1) Gilligan, T.M., and Passoa. 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