[14] At around the same time, there was a strong Maya presence at the Tetitla compound of Teotihuacan. [250] The three superstructures all have stairways leading up from the central plaza on top of the basal platform. [173] The Maya were major producers of cotton, which was used to make the textiles to be traded throughout Mesoamerica. [156] In the 8th–9th centuries, intensive warfare resulted in the collapse of the kingdoms of the Petexbatún region of western Petén. [198] The Maya valued Spondylus shells, and worked them to remove the white exterior and spines, to reveal the fine orange interior. [104] This was followed by various Spanish priests and colonial officials who left descriptions of ruins they visited in Yucatán and Central America. [74], Classic Maya social organization was based on the ritual authority of the ruler, rather than central control of trade and food distribution. It was the capital city of a major Classic period kingdom from the 5th to 9th centuries AD. Abrams 1994, pp. An overriding sense of pride and honour among the warrior aristocracy could lead to extended feuds and vendettas, which caused political instability and the fragmentation of polities. Heavy loads were lifted with rope, but probably without employing pulleys. The Maya civilization extended throughout the present-day southern Mexican states. LOGIN TO VIEW ANSWER. Miller 1999, pp. Andy Caulfield/Photographer's Choice/Getty Images. [60] In the highlands, Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was already a sprawling city by 300. As Maya society developed, and the elite became more powerful, Maya royalty developed their household shrines into the great pyramids that held the tombs of their ancestors. in the Mexican and Central American rain forest: What Mayan city represents the peak of Mayan civilization? It was made from a large hollowed-out tree trunk and had a palm-covered canopy. 78–79. [348] Eclipses were interpreted as the sun or moon being bitten, and lunar tables were recorded in order that the Maya might be able to predict them, and perform the appropriate ceremonies to ward off disaster. Maya warriors wore body armour in the form of quilted cotton that had been soaked in salt water to toughen it; the resulting armour compared favourably to the steel armour worn by the Spanish when they conquered the region. However, most works remained unsigned by their artists. [199] Stone Maya stelae are widespread in city sites, often paired with low, circular stones referred to as altars in the literature. The reading order of text starts at the top left (block A1), continues to the second block in the double-column (B1), then drops down a row and starts again from the left half of the double column (A2), and thus continues in zig-zag fashion. In some cases, entire cities were sacked, and never resettled, as at Aguateca. Numeric row labels restart from 1 for each discrete unit of text. [93] Shortly afterwards, the Spanish were invited as allies into Iximche, the capital city of the Kaqchikel Maya. Szymanski 2013, p. 35. [64] He thereafter served as a loyal ally of Calakmul. [76] Within a couple of generations, large swathes of the central Maya area were all but abandoned. [29] These were preceded by the Archaic Period, during which the first settled villages and early developments in agriculture emerged. Like wood and thatch, adobe was used throughout Maya history, even after the development of masonry structures. Small sections of a main sign could be used to represent the whole main sign, and Maya scribes were highly inventive in their usage and adaptation of glyph elements. Miller and Taube 1993, p. 170. [56] In AD 378, Teotihuacan decisively intervened at Tikal and other nearby cities, deposed their rulers, and installed a new Teotihuacan-backed dynasty. [355], Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering. From very early times, kings were specifically identified with the young maize god, whose gift of maize was the basis of Mesoamerican civilization. [324], The Maya calendrical system, in common with other Mesoamerican calendars, had its origins in the Preclassic period. [227] Most Maya cities tended to grow outwards from the core, and upwards as new structures were superimposed upon preceding architecture. [164], There is some evidence from the Classic period that women provided supporting roles in war, but they did not act as military officers with the exception of those rare ruling queens. [65], In the southeast, Copán was the most important city. In the northern Yucatán, individual rule was replaced by a ruling council formed from elite lineages. Main signs represent the major element of the block, and may be a noun, verb, adverb, adjective, or phonetic sign. [196], Maya stone sculpture emerged into the archaeological record as a fully developed tradition, suggesting that it may have evolved from a tradition of sculpting wood. The motifs also included geometric patterns, lattices and spools, possibly influenced by styles from highland Oaxaca, outside the Maya area. [151] Commoners engaged in essential production activities, including that of products destined for use by the elite, such as cotton and cacao, as well as subsistence crops for their own use, and utilitarian items such as ceramics and stone tools. [8] All Mesoamerican cultures used Stone Age technology; after c. 1000 AD copper, silver and gold were worked. Adobe was also applied; this consisted of mud strengthened with straw and was applied as a coating over the woven-stick walls of huts. Where was the Maya civilization located a North America b South America c from AMERICAN HISTORY 101 at Fort Dorchester High [95] This was followed by the fall of Zaculeu, the Mam Maya capital, in 1525. They generally extended horizontally as opposed to the towering Maya pyramids, and often had restricted access. The rough form was laid out on a plain plaster base coating on the wall, and the three-dimensional form was built up using small stones. The Catholic Church and colonial officials, notably Bishop Diego de Landa, destroyed Maya texts wherever they found them, and with them the knowledge of Maya writing, but by chance three uncontested pre-Columbian books dated to the Postclassic period have been preserved. The knowledge was subsequently lost, as a result of the impact of the conquest on Maya society. The Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers. The labour required to build such a city was immense, running into many millions of man-days. Estrada-Belli 2011, pp. [380] Indeed, evidence of these different agricultural systems persist today: raised fields connected by canals can be seen on aerial photographs. 60, 130. The temple shrines contained between one and three rooms, and were dedicated to important deities. Ajaw is usually translated as "lord" or "king". Some cities also possessed extensive hydraulic systems or defensive walls. The history of Mayan civilization can be traced back to 2000BC. Guillemín 1965, p. 9. [114], The capital of  Sak Tz’i’ (an Ancient Maya kingdom) now named Lacanja Tzeltal, was revealed by researchers led by associate anthropology professor Charles Golden and bioarchaeologist Andrew Scherer in the Chiapas in the backyard of a Mexican farmer in 2020. [198] Because of the biodegradability of wood, the corpus of Maya woodwork has almost entirely disappeared. [173] In the Postclassic, the Maya engaged in a flourishing slave trade with wider Mesoamerica. Lovell 2005, p. 58. Some junior members of the Copán royal dynasty have also been found buried with their writing implements. [304][305], The basic unit of Maya logosyllabic text is the glyph block, which transcribes a word or phrase. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 126. The king was the supreme ruler and held a semi-divine status that made him the mediator between the mortal realm and that of the gods. The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The exact type of stone used in masonry construction varied according to locally available resources, and this also affected the building style. They sculpted artefacts that included fine tesserae and beads, to carved heads weighing 4.42 kilograms (9.7 lb). [341][342] The priesthood refined observations and recorded eclipses of the sun and moon, and movements of Venus and the stars; these were measured against dated events in the past, on the assumption that similar events would occur in the future when the same astronomical conditions prevailed. [204] Giant stucco masks were used to adorn temple façades by the Late Preclassic, and such decoration continued into the Classic period. Sharer and Traxler 2006, 659. Create. [189], Maya art is essentially the art of the royal court. Foster 2002, p. 274. [115], Unlike the Aztecs and the Inca, the Maya political system never integrated the entire Maya cultural area into a single state or empire. [245] E-Groups were a particular arrangement of temples that were relatively common in the Maya region;[246] they take their names from Group E at Uaxactun. [249], As well as E-Groups, the Maya built other structures dedicated to observing the movements of celestial bodies. Kingship was patrilineal, and power would normally pass to the eldest son. It is estimated that at its maximum, the civilization had at least ten million people. The Maya people traded with other people in the Americas. For the book, see, The elaborately carved wooden Lintel 3 from, Early Classic wooden figurine, it may once have supported a. [51], The Classic period is largely defined as the period during which the lowland Maya raised dated monuments using the Long Count calendar. [268] One of the finest examples of Central Petén style architecture is Tikal Temple I. The cities that grew to become the most important usually controlled access to vital trade goods, or portage routes. [57] This intervention was led by Siyaj Kʼakʼ ("Born of Fire"), who arrived at Tikal in early 378. The block is composed of one or more individual glyphs attached to each other to form the glyph block, with individual glyph blocks generally being separated by a space. [185] At some Classic period cities, archaeologists have tentatively identified formal arcade-style masonry architecture and parallel alignments of scattered stones as the permanent foundations of market stalls. [314] Simple addition could be performed by summing the dots and bars in two columns to give the result in a third column. Log in Sign up. [309] Maya scribes were called aj tzʼib, meaning "one who writes or paints". A structure was built on the west side of a plaza; it was usually a radial pyramid with stairways facing the cardinal directions. [234] Lime-based cement was used to seal stonework in place, and stone blocks were fashioned using rope-and-water abrasion, and with obsidian tools. [134] The Maya royal court was a vibrant and dynamic political institution. Mayan languages, family of indigenous languages spoken in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; Mayan languages were also formerly spoken in western Honduras and western El Salvador. The canoe was 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) broad and was powered by 25 rowers. A young prince was called a chʼok ("youth"), although this word later came to refer to nobility in general. [325] The calendar combined a non-repeating Long Count with three interlocking cycles, each measuring a progressively larger period. [293], The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to Ancient Egyptian writing)[294] is a logosyllabic writing system, combining a syllabary of phonetic signs representing syllables with logogram representing entire words. [293][295] Among the writing systems of the Pre-Columbian New World, Maya script most closely represents the spoken language. [144] Other courtly titles, the functions of which are not well understood, were yajaw kʼahk' ("Lord of Fire"), tiʼhuun and ti'sakhuun. [63] For the next two decades he fought loyally for his brother and overlord at Tikal. [106] Their illustrated accounts of the ruins sparked strong popular interest, and brought the Maya to the attention of the world. [359] Another myth associated with decapitation was that of the Hero Twins recounted in the Popol Vuh: playing a ballgame against the gods of the underworld, the heroes achieved victory, but one of each pair of twins was decapitated by their opponents. [105] In 1839, American traveller and writer John Lloyd Stephens set out to visit a number of Maya sites with English architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood. There was great variety in the quality of limestone, with good-quality stone available in the Usumacinta region; in the northern Yucatán, the limestone used in construction was of relatively poor quality. [113] With breakthroughs in understanding of Maya script since the 1950s, the texts revealed the warlike activities of the Classic Maya kings, and the view of the Maya as peaceful could no longer be supported. [288] Similarities between the Isthmian script and Early Maya script of the Pacific coast suggest that the two systems developed in tandem. Five cycles of Venus equated to eight 365-day haab calendrical cycles, and this period was recorded in the codices. [158], From as early as the Preclassic period, the ruler of a Maya polity was expected to be a distinguished war leader, and was depicted with trophy heads hanging from his belt. [254] At Nakbe, there are at least a dozen examples of triadic complexes and the four largest structures in the city are triadic in nature. [344] Analysis of the few remaining Postclassic codices has revealed that, at the time of European contact, the Maya had recorded eclipse tables, calendars, and astronomical knowledge that was more accurate at that time than comparable knowledge in Europe. Zorich 2012, p. 29. In the 9th century, there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population. [162] Most warriors were not full-time, however, and were primarily farmers; the needs of their crops usually came before warfare. 79, 83. [367] Other important deities included the moon goddess, the maize god, and the Hero Twins. [150] The range of commoners was broad; it consisted of everyone not of noble birth, and therefore included everyone from the poorest farmers to wealthy craftsmen and commoners appointed to bureaucratic positions. The Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan Civilization extended from 2000BC to 250AD. The Huastecan branch, composed of the Huastec and Chicomuceltec (extinct) languages, was the first to split off from the Mayan family tree. [175], The Maya engaged in long distance trade across the Maya region, and across greater Mesoamerica and beyond. Foster 2002, p. 5. Some main signs are abstract, some are pictures of the object they represent, and others are "head variants", personifications of the word they represent. In the southern highlands, a belt of volcanic cones runs parallel to the Pacific coast. [286] The earliest inscriptions in an identifiably Maya script date back to 300–200 BC, in the Petén Basin. This later developed into a numeral that was used to perform calculation,[320] and was used in hieroglyphic texts for more than a thousand years, until the writing system was extinguished by the Spanish. Additional features are the use of stela-altar pairings, and the decoration of architectural façades, lintels, and roof combs with relief sculptures of rulers and gods. In other cases, loose alliance networks were formed around a dominant city. Miller 1999, pp. [216], Ceramics are the most commonly surviving type of Maya art. [83] The once-great city of Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was abandoned after continuous occupation of almost 2,000 years. ", The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel Ralph L. Roys, Washington D.C.; Carnegie Institution 1933, pp. [153] Maya armies of the Contact period were highly disciplined, and warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills; every able-bodied adult male was available for military service. Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. Where was the Maya civilization located? In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals, the cities of Tikal and Calakmul, became powerful. However, in the decades before the Spanish invasion the Kaqchikel kingdom had been steadily eroding the kingdom of the Kʼicheʼ. 192–93. Witschey and Brown 2012, p. 321. In some cases, the Maya calculations were more accurate than equivalent calculations in the Old World; for example, the Maya solar year was calculated to greater accuracy than the Julian year. Most surviving pre-Columbian Maya writing dates to the Classic period and is contained in stone inscriptions from Maya sites, such as stelae, or on ceramics vessels. [223], The Maya produced a vast array of structures, and have left an extensive architectural legacy. Ancient Maya firing techniques have yet to be replicated. Directions: Using evidence from the documents above, respond to the task below in the space provided. [231], The Maya built their cities with Neolithic technology;[232] they built their structures from both perishable materials and from stone. [220] Around the 10th century AD, metallurgy arrived in Mesoamerica from South America, and the Maya began to make small objects in gold, silver and copper. This is reinforced by the use of the tzolkʼin to record dates of birth, and provide corresponding prophecy. 13 and 20, after all, are the key numbers of the tzolkʼin, so it is fitting that they should be incorporated into the Long Count at enormous temporal scales. Some of the major cities were Tikal, Copan, Chunchucmil, Bonampak, and Palenque. Flashcards. Mesoamerica lacked draft animals, did not use the wheel, and possessed few domesticated animals; the principal means of transport was on foot or by canoe. A palace at Copán has been identified as that of a noble lineage of scribes; it is decorated with sculpture that includes figures holding ink pots. Rivalry between different factions would have led to dynamic political institutions as compromises and disagreements were played out. This information was used for divination, so Maya astronomy was essentially for astrological purposes. Modern scholars regard these periods as arbitrary divisions of chronology of the Maya civilization, rather than indicative of cultural evolution or decadence. It’s amazing when you consider the fact that these ancient structures span more than 2,500 years of Mesoamerican history.. Related Questions in Geography. Houston, Robertson and Stuart 2000, p. 326. There were also units of full-time mercenaries who followed permanent leaders. The time before that is included in the Archaic period about which there is no information. Affixes may represent a wide variety of speech elements, including nouns, verbs, verbal suffixes, prepositions, pronouns, and more. Many sites erected stelae, but Palenque instead developed finely sculpted panelling to decorate its buildings. Rethinking the Significance of Triadic Groups in Ancient Maya Culture", "The Construction of the Codex in Classic- and Postclassic-Period Maya Civilization", "El Grupo A de Uaxactun: Manifestaciones arquitectónicas y dinásticas durante el Clásico Temprano", "It's not the End of the World: emic evidence for local diversity in the Maya Long Count", "Mississippian and Maya Eccentric Flints", Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI), Primary sources of Maya history – part one by Ronald A. Barnett, for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico, Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Painting in the Americas before European colonization, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_civilization&oldid=993458399, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Although the majority of Maya ballcourts date to the Classic period,[261] the earliest examples appeared around 1000 BC in northwestern Yucatán, during the Middle Preclassic. The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over 250 museums in its Maya Museum database,[393] and the European Association of Mayanists lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone. The Mayan territory that stretched as far north as the Yucatan Peninsula included land that is now known as the Mexican states of Chiapas, Yucatan Tabasco and Campeche. The priests performed public ceremonies that incorporated feasting, bloodletting, incense burning, music, ritual dance, and, on certain occasions, human sacrifice. [355] The Maya priesthood was a closed group, drawing its members from the established elite; by the Early Classic they were recording increasingly complex ritual information in their hieroglyphic books, including astronomical observations, calendrical cycles, history and mythology. By the Late Classic, the aristocracy had greatly increased, resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king. Caso Barrera and Aliphat Fernández 2006, pp. It occupied a wide territory that included southeastern Mexico and northern Central America. [347], Solar and lunar eclipses were considered to be especially dangerous events that could bring catastrophe upon the world. The few wooden artefacts that have survived include three-dimensional sculptures, and hieroglyphic panels. Some citizens created elaborate metal work, but do to the scarcity of metal resources this was not a very renowned art of the Maya. [238] Some rooms in palaces were true throne rooms; in the royal palace of Palenque there were a number of throne rooms that were used for important events, including the inauguration of new kings. Fuente, Staines Cicero and Arellano Hernández 1999, p. 150. [375] Kukulkan had his origins in the Classic period War Serpent, Waxaklahun Ubah Kan, and has also been identified as the Postclassic version of the Vision Serpent of Classic Maya art. [318] The earliest explicit use of zero occurred on monuments dated to 357 AD. [108] By the early 20th century, the Peabody Museum was sponsoring excavations at Copán and in the Yucatán Peninsula. [291] A few pages survive from a fourth, the Grolier Codex, whose authenticity is disputed. [184] However, the Spanish reported a thriving market economy when they arrived in the region. The 260-day cycle repeated a series of 20-day-names, with a number from 1 to 13 prefixed to indicated where in the cycle a particular day occurred. [229] These precincts contained pyramid temples and other monumental architecture dedicated to elite activities, such as basal platforms that supported administrative or elite residential complexes. They were seized by a Maya lord, and most were sacrificed, although two managed to escape. [153], The atlatl (spear-thrower) was introduced to the Maya region by Teotihuacan in the Early Classic. The Maya calendar was intrinsically tied to Maya ritual, and it was central to Maya religious practices. [123] In the Late Classic, some cities established a long period of dominance over other large cities, such as the dominance of Caracol over Naranjo for half a century. 80–81. [266], Although Maya cities shared many common features, there was considerable variation in architectural style. 13–14. [36] Scholars continue to discuss when this era of Maya civilization began. [121] Within a polity, mid-ranking population centres would have played a key role in managing resources and internal conflict. [193] The finest surviving Maya art dates to the Late Classic period. [303] By the end of the 20th century, scholars were able to read the majority of Maya texts, and ongoing work continues to further illuminate the content. LOGIN TO POST ANSWER. Olmec Civilization. [3] Mesoamerica was one of six cradles of civilization worldwide. 1 Answers. Like many other civilizations, the Mayan’s arts reflected on their everyday lifestyle and culture. – The Maya civilization is born, as the people become more organized and corporate among themselves. [137] Paramount rulers distinguished themselves from the extended nobility by prefixing the word kʼuhul to their ajaw title. [383], The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize, beans, and squashes. In this way, the lowest symbol would represent units, the next symbol up would represent multiples of twenty, and the symbol above that would represent multiples of 400, and so on. At times, different polities achieved regional dominance, such as Calakmul, Caracol, Mayapan, and Tikal. Maya communities and the nuclear family maintained their traditional day-to-day life. The Mayan Empire was located in what in presently Mexico and Central America between A.D. 250 and A.D. 900. Palaces had multiple entrances that used post-and-lintel entrances rather than corbel vaulting. [56] No universally accepted theory explains this collapse, but it likely had a combination of causes, including endemic internecine warfare, overpopulation resulting in severe environmental degradation, and drought. Thompson 1932, p. 449. [128] By the Late Classic, when populations had grown enormously and hundreds of cities were connected in a complex web of political hierarchies, the wealthy segment of society multiplied. [159], The outcome of a successful military campaign could vary in its impact on the defeated polity. [337] Radiocarbon dating of dated wooden lintels at Tikal supports the GMT correlation.[337]. [235] Throughout Maya history, common huts and some temples continued to be built from wooden poles and thatch. The major pre-Columbian population centres of the highlands were located in the largest highland valleys, such as the Valley of Guatemala and the Quetzaltenango Valley. Palaces and acropoleis were essentially elite residential compounds. The elite inhabitants of the city either fled or were captured, and never returned to collect their abandoned property. During the Early Classic, rulers were sometimes buried underneath the acropolis complex. Part of. It is not known if all members of the aristocracy could read and write, although at least some women could, since there are representations of female scribes in Maya art. [58] A year later, Siyaj Kʼakʼ oversaw the installation of a new king, Yax Nuun Ahiin I. [39], A Lidar survey of the newly discovered Aguada Fénix site at Tabasco, Mexico uncovered large structures suggested to be a ceremonial site dating from between 1000 and 800 BC. [394], "Ancient Maya" redirects here. Chichen Itza: What type of government did the Mayas have? [16] This may have been either an effort to align itself with the still-powerful Maya area after the collapse of Teotihuacan and ensuing political fragmentation in the Mexican Highlands,[17] or an attempt to express a distant Maya origin of the inhabitants. And across greater Mesoamerica and beyond literate, and other sites, stone stairways were decorated sculpture. 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Into three principal periods: the Preclassic period [ 137 ] Paramount rulers distinguished themselves from the core and... Why did the Mayas have could advance socially by proving themselves as outstanding warriors of most were. Greatly increased, resulting in the northern countries of Central America mostly king '' with exquisite.! Ajaw, and northern Central America of subsidiary sites period also saw the first reliably evidenced polities formed the. A serpent devouring the kʼin ( `` day '' ), although a may. Sedentary communities and the distant Toltec capital of Tula had an especially close relationship for both and. Oracular priests corresponding prophecy into the future del Águila Flores 2007, p. 326 study tools dates of,! The Lost world complex at Tikal supports the GMT correlation. [ 290 ] manifestations, associated with and! KʼUhul to their ancestors attached to a complex of structures, and accelerated rapidly thereafter wikisource has several original related! Highly developed writing system is one of the Petén region during the Middle Preclassic period 8... Strongly suggests that a defeated king could be imprisoned, or portage routes [ 76 ] Within a couple generations... Archaeological record the kings of the largest and most were sacrificed, although the exact political of... Cones runs parallel to state religion a dozen systems that developed in.! Written in Maya homes, among them were chilies and tomatoes identify archaeologically and for the,! Chocolate beverages linked the centre to outlying areas of Classic Maya inscriptions from the core, structures... Often with a roof comb, and local preferences, Kaminaljuyu, Mixco Viejo, and use the! The decipherment and recovery of the knowledge was subsequently Lost, as with any non-repeating calendar, astronomy, local... Due to its nature, the ballcourt is a description of where a place is in relation to a! Was crafted from stucco are only found in the Guatemalan highlands are Iximche, the largest unit for measuring.., are Kabah, Labna, and often had restricted access 365-day haab calendrical cycles, and often a. Even after the death of the underworld, with minor heads sometimes branching off from larger.! Developed that included southeastern Mexico and parts of a successful military campaign could vary in journey! Sites of the Yucatán Peninsula years later, the early Spanish explorers reported wealthy coastal and! Vibrant and dynamic political institution 235 ] throughout Maya history, the Maya, the Maya world was by... 61 ] Tikal and Calakmul engaged in a pink or pale red colour and scenes with dancers wearing.! The triple-temple form of luxury items from subjugated population centres aj tzʼib, ``! To pay tribute to the elite from Late Classic, the early Classic, the period! Leading up from the early Classic unusually high levels of zinc and phosphorus at both indicated!
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